An allergy is an overreaction by the body's immune system, where it mistakenly perceives harmless substances as a threat. These substances, called allergens, can be anything from pollen, dust mites, animal dander to certain foods such as dairy products, nuts or gluten. For many, allergies can be a daily challenge, as symptoms can range from mild annoyances such as sneezing and itching to serious reactions such as difficulty breathing or anaphylactic shock. But what actually happens in the body when you have an allergic reaction?
How allergies occur
When the body encounters an allergen, the immune system starts to fight it as if it were a dangerous virus or bacteria. It does this by producing antibodies called immunoglobulins. Specifically, in allergies, the antibody Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is released, which binds to the allergen. This triggers the release of histamines from mast cells, which are part of the body's defense system. Histamines are responsible for many of the symptoms we associate with allergies, such as swelling, itching and redness.
But allergies are not limited to IgE-mediated reactions. There are also other types of immunoglobulins that can play a role in the body when it comes to food intolerances, such as Immunoglobulin G (IgG). This is typical of food intolerance, where symptoms often appear later than with allergies, and where reactions can be more hidden and difficult to detect.
The most common types of allergies
- Pollen allergy (hay fever): This is one of the most common types of allergy and occurs when pollen from trees, grasses or weeds triggers an allergic reaction. Symptoms typically include sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes and fatigue.
- Food allergies: Many people experience allergies to certain foods, such as milk, eggs, nuts, shellfish, and gluten. Symptoms can range from mild digestive problems to life-threatening anaphylactic reactions that require emergency medical attention.
- Animal allergies: Allergies to animal hair or skin are also common. This is due to the proteins found in the animal's dander, saliva or urine, and not necessarily the animal's fur.
- Dust allergy: Dust mites are microscopic organisms that live in dust, and their feces can trigger allergic reactions. Symptoms include coughing, sneezing, shortness of breath, and asthma-like symptoms.
- Insect allergy: Some people can experience severe reactions to insect stings from, for example, bees or wasps, which can result in swelling, pain, redness and, in severe cases, anaphylactic shock.
Allergy vs. Intolerance – What's the difference?
Allergies and intolerances are different, especially when it comes to the body's response. Allergies activate the immune system and are measured through IgE antibodies. The reactions are often immediate and can be severe. Intolerances, on the other hand, do not involve the immune system in the same way and are measured through IgG antibodies. Symptoms of intolerance are delayed and may include digestive problems, fatigue or headaches.
At Valida Health, we offer both tests. Our FoodPrint® 200+ food intolerance test measures IgG antibodies to over 200 foods to identify possible food intolerances, while allergy tests measure IgE antibodies to identify allergies.
Symptoms of allergy
Allergy symptoms vary depending on the type of allergen and the individual's immune system. The most common symptoms include:
- Sneezing and runny nose
- Itchy, watery eyes
- Swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
- Rash, hives, or eczema
- Gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea, stomach pain, and vomiting
- Shortness of breath or wheezing, which can lead to asthma attacks
In severe cases, allergies can lead to a life-threatening condition called anaphylaxis, where the entire body's immune system overreacts. Symptoms of anaphylaxis can include a swollen throat, difficulty breathing, and a drop in blood pressure, and the condition requires emergency medical attention.
How Valida Health can help you
We can help with both food intolerance tests and allergy blood tests. The intolerance test provides insight into which foods your body reacts to through IgG antibodies, while allergy tests measure IgE antibodies, which provide an indication of foods you are allergic to.
It's easy to take a test at Valida Health. Allergy test results are usually ready after 2 days and can be viewed via the MyHealth app, while food intolerance results are available after 1-2 weeks.
Book your food intolerance test at Valida Health
If you experience symptoms like headaches, bloating, eczema or insomnia, it may be a good idea to get a food intolerance test. By gaining insight into which foods negatively affect you, you can take control of your health and improve your quality of life.
At Valida Health, we offer a range of tests and tailored health solutions to suit your individual needs. Our dedicated team of doctors, nurses and specialists are ready to help you achieve the best possible health.